2 
  -2022
..  

( )
:      :100
:    -    ,        
             
-
1. ()         
()           
2. ()         , () 
      
-
3.            
       ?
4.  ,         ?   AR, MR 
      
2 
-
(5).      ?       
          ?
6.      ?        
     ?
-
7.   -       
8. (a) '          '
()             
  ?
2 
  -2022
..  

( )
:      :100
:    -    ,        
             
-
1. ()         
: -:
       ,         
      ,      
  
 ,     -         
  
       , ,     
             
        ,      
      
   :
         -  ,   

1.      :
            -   
 , 
 , 
 ,             
 ,         ,     ' 
2 
  
       ,      ,  
     ,       
 
󹳴󹳵󹳶󹳷:       '      
 ,     
2.     :
              -  
  ,  ,   -         
 
󹳴󹳵󹳶󹳷:         '  
    '
3. , ,    :
 ,        :
  (  )   "  "  -  
      
    "  "  -   '    
       
           
  -     '      
󹳴󹳵󹳶󹳷,        ,   , ,  
   
4.    :
     
      " 
 ?"  "        ?"      
            " 
-    ?"  "  '     ?"
     
󹳴󹳵󹳶󹳷 = ;  =   
2 
   :
         
       
       ',        :
1.   :
""          , , ,   
        
󹳴󹳵󹳶󹳷:               
         
     :
  
 
 
  
  ( , , )
2. :
""             '
       ,        
󹳴󹳵󹳶󹳷:   
  ,   GDP    ,
  
   :
 
  
  
   
   
2 
3.   :
         ,   ,  , 
     IMF   
󹳴󹳵󹳶󹳷:     
  ?     
  ?
4.  :
                
  ,    ,    '   
5.   :
    '             '
   ,    ,         
   
6.     :
               
              
:
 ,     
 -        
      ,          
          ,     
  ,     ,          
   
  ,           
 
2 
()           
:    (PED)         
              
     ,           
           '      
,  
              
 ,    
            ,   
      '    , 
PED     
     :
1.   (  ) 
2.  ( ) 
3.   
               
1.   (  ) 
         ,     
             ( ×  
)    '         
:

         '      
  ', 
      , ,   
    :
         ,     
(   '   ,   
 )
           ,     
(  
,      )
           ,    
 
(            )
:
     ₹10    ₹8     :
2 
10 ',    100     
8 ,    140       

      ,     
:
     
        ' 
:
     

-       

2.  ( ) 
       ,        
 '               
          
:
:
ΔQ =   
ΔP =   
Q =  
 =  
:
          ,   ,    200 
   150    
:
2 
ΔQ = -50 
Δ
 = 200
 
    (
          ) 
, Ep = 2.5,       
:
       
-          
:
       
            
, 
 
    
3.   
       
      '    
     ,    
       
   
:
,
dQ/dP       
P =  ' 
Q =  ' 
2 
            ,  
       '      
    
:
     :

  
Q = 100 - 2×20 = 60
dQ/dP = -2 ( )
,
 , Ep = 0.67      
:
 ,          

     -  '    
:
-     
             

 



 
  
,     

  , 

 
     


  
2 



 
 

     
 
  
 
             
   
          
   
 ,  
      
  '     
(    ),     
  ,          
      ,     ,  
 ,           
2. ()         ,
:       
󷇴󷇵󷇶󷇷󷇸󷇹-
           100       
 100                
         ,     ,   
?
       
      - 
              
    
     ,   -     
      
󹴡󹴵󹴣󹴤   ?
""               ,
            
  ,    
2 
 :
1   10   
1  8   
 ,                
  
󼨐󼨑󼨒    
    ,    ,      
 :
1.    (  10 , 15 , )  
  
2.      ,       
 
3.       
4.    -    
5.          
6.        
󹳦󹳤󹳧     
         -        
    ,   (  )   
:
 : 10 
 : 8 
 : 6 
 : 3 
 ,        
     
2 
󼩕󼩖󼩗󼩘󼩙󼩚   ?
                
                  
    :
:
 =      ( , )
 =   
=  Y     ( , )
 =   
 =   
    :
  '           
󷗭󷗨󷗩󷗪󷗫󷗬   
 :
1    
1    
  
        :

  MU
  MU
1
15
12
2
12
10
3
9
8
4
6
6
2 

  MU
  MU
5
3
4
,   MU (   )   :
 :
: 15 / 5 = 3
: 12 / 5 = 2.4
: 9 / 5 = 1.8
: 6 / 5 = 1.2
: 3 / 5 = 0.6
 :
: 12 / 2 = 6
: 10 / 2 = 5
: 8 / 2 = 4
: 6 / 2 = 3
5: 4 / 2 = 2
     MU       ₹20  
  
    :
1.    ( 
2.    (  
3.    (  
4.    (  
5.    (  
6.    (  
7. 5   (  
     ,          (2.4 
2)    
2 
󹳨󹳤󹳩󹳪󹳫     (  )
        ,      :
MUx = Px
:
󼪺󼪻
              
 
   , 
    
  '   :
         
 
 ',   '         
()        
: -
   
           -   2  
1     , 
   ,    : 
 

    

?         (RPH) 

2 
           
 ,  
    
1938            
           ,   :   
           
    ?
:
              
             
    A  B        ,  
 
  A B   " "
    
RPH     ,      :
1. :            
         
2. :     B  A   ,    
  B  A  
3. :    A B   B C   
 ,   A C    
4.    :        
  
5.        : 
  ,    '
       
   
     
         
   
   
2 
          
    :
  :
    3   2      
,                

   -  
     ,   -  ()  :
1.     - (WARP)
 A B        ,  B A      

 
:
 
B   A      ,       A  B

   A     
,      
2.     -  (SARP)
 A B     ,  B C     ,  A C 
    
         
     
        
2 
   
1. 󷃆󼽢  ' -  ""  " " 
  '  

2. 󷃆󼽢   -          

3. 󷃆󼽢    -      
  
 ,            
4. 󷃆󼽢   -         
     
    
   , RPH    :
1.󽅂     
RPH         ,         

,  ,  A B      
2.󽅂      

    -  ,  
      


3.󽅂      
         ,    ,   
    
4.󽅂    
           
(  )  
, 
 
             
  
5.󽅂    

               
   ,         
2 

          " " 
   "  "        
          
,              
,       
     , RPH   
 ,    -    
  

-
3.            
       ?
: -
       , ,        
 ( ),             ( )
   ,   1  2    ,    
       ,         
   ,    '  ,      ,     
 ,      
          - 
   -   
 
  
            
         ( )     ,  
  ,     (    )    
                

 :
2 
"- 
    
 ,      , 
       ,    ,     "
       ,  -      (  ' 
  , , )
  
1.     ( , )      ( , ,
)
2.    
3.      (       )
4.     (       )
 
     ,    '  :
1.   (TP):         

2.   (MP):          MP
= TP   /   
3.   (AP):      AP = TP / 
  
   
TP, MP,  AP          :
 I:  
     
     
     
       ,   
         ( ,    
      )
   
2 
󹳣󹳤󹳥  ':TP   (   ) , MP  AP    
 
󹻂 
 ?
    
  

 II:  
     
     ,     
AP      ,       MP    
        ( ,       
)
󹳦󹳤󹳧  ': TP   , MP  AP   
󹻂   
?
       
 

󷃆󼽢           
 III:  
     
    
    
󹳦󹳤󹳧  ': TP     , MP    
󹻂  
?
 
    
    
2 
     
   
    :
 
  (TP)
  (MP)
  (AP)
10
10
10
25
15
12.5
45
20
15
60
15
15
70
10
14
75
5
12.5
70
-5
10
  :
       I
MP    6
  II    

  III   MP    
2 
       ?
     II     
?
 I ,        
    
     ,        

  ,            
     
 
 ,  II   
:
o    
o    (   )
o           

     
       
             -  

  -               !
           ,   II
        ,      ,
       
        , 
    
 ,  ,       
 
4.  ,         ?   AR, MR 
      
:󹴡󹴵󹴣󹴤4.  ,  ,   
󹳴󹳵󹳶󹳷-
              
                  
                   
  
 ,     (TR),   (AR),    (MR)

          
        
2 
       -- 
󼪺󼪻  (TR)
               
󹻁:
󷃆󼽢:
   10  20     ,
     TR  ,     ' 
(  
 
)
󹳨󹳤󹳩󹳪󹳫  (AR)
              
          
󹻁:
     :
󷵻󷵼󷵽󷵾  , AR =  (
 TR = P × Q  AR = TR/Q = P)
󷃆󼽢:
  10    
 ,
󹳣󹳤󹳥  (MR)
2 
                
 
󹻁:
  ,  TR   
          
󷃆󼽢:
  10    200  
   11    215 

 ,

 ,        
󹳦󹳤󹳧TR, AR,  MR  
        

󷃆󹹳󹹴󹹵󹹶:

(Q)

(P)
TR = P ×
Q
 =
/
 =
ΔTR/ΔQ
1
20
20
20
-
2
19
38
19
18
3
18
54
18
16
4
17
68
17
14
󷵻󷵼󷵽󷵾-   , TR     ,  MR  
󷵻󷵼󷵽󷵾   AR    
2 
󹳨󹳤󹳩󹳪󹳫: TR, AR  MR 
TR    ,     ,     
   AR  MR      
MR AR     
󷃆󹸊󹸋AR, MR,      (Ed)  
        ,       
    
󼨐󼨑󼨒     :
:
 =  
AR =   (, )
 =    
2 
󼨻󼨼 :
󷃆󷃊  > 1 ( ):
     
MR  ,     TR  
:  ,   
󷃆󷃋  = 1 ( ):
 = 0
TR    
     TR  

󷃆󷃌  < 1 ( ):
    

MR  ,     TR  
: , 
󷃆󼽢 :
 ()
 

 > 1
  
 > 0
 = 1
TR    
 = 0
 < 1
TR  
 < 0
󼪺󼪻:
TR, AR,  MR         :
    ,
   
      , 
       
     ,      :
2 
     ,
       , 
     
    :    ,     ,  
    ()   '   !
-
(5).      ?       
          ?
:      ?
                 
      ,        ,  
                 
     
              
               
    
1.       
o   ,        ,   
         
 
o     ,    
2.  
o         ,    
         
3.    
o                
     
4.  
o      ,     
    
2 
5.    
o                 
     
6.    
o      , ,  , 
 

      
           (  )  
 
               
, ,           

      :
A.       
           (  , )   , 
         
   
      
 
    
      
  
  ,    '   :
󹳴󹳵󹳶󹳷  (MC) =  (MR)
󹳴󹳵󹳶󹳷, MC  MR    

     ,  (P) = MR = AR ( )
2 
- 
󹳴󹳵󹳶󹳷 : MC = MR
󹳴󹳵󹳶󹳷  : AR > AC ;  AR <AC 
    
1.   (AR > AC)
2.   (AR = AC)
3.  (AR <AC) -            
   
B.       
               
               

   
   
;      
   '      
        
     
󹳴󹳵󹳶󹳷 =   =  
, P = MC = AC
2 
      
       , 
     ,       
 ,     ,      

   
󹳴󹳵󹳶󹳷 AC   -  '   
󹳴󹳵󹳶󹳷    
 ,      
:    
                (
)
  ,              

    
    
 
   ,    
 ,     
   
        ,     ,    

 ,        
  -  ,  
       -    
 ,  
   ,          
2 
6.      ?        
     ?
:   -  -  
   
           
   -    -      :     ,  
     ,       ,   
          ,      
 
       
   ?
               
  
     , , , ,   
               
    :
1.    -    ,       
2.  -        
3.    -          
     
4.   -         
  
5.   -           
      
       ( ,   )   
       
     
  ,         '  ,  , 
    
:    

AR ( ), MR ( ), AC ( ),  MC ( )
           
     MR = MC (-     )
2 
    ' AR > AC ,     
 
 AR = AC,     
 
 AR <AC> ,     ,     
           
     
                 , 
 -         ,    
    
         
 
:
AR       (  )
     
        MR = MC,   AR = AC
 
       
 
:    
2 
,    '           , 
   
,        
     
""              
        
 
   :
       
 
           

   ( AC       '  
)
   ,   , ,   - 

  
    :
  ,  AC       '   ,  
  
  :
     '   
      
          ,      '


     


?

  , "       


?"
 :
      
   - 
  
      
      ,        
 ,        ,  :
  
2 

  

             
               
         ,       ,  
 ,            
          -   , ,   ,  
 -  , ,     -   


-
7.   -       
: 󹻀-
       
     ,   (), 
(),  (),   ()         
 :              
 ?      ?    ?
       -  '   
    
               ( )
  -  - , ,         
󹻀     ?
    :
"             - 
            ,   
  "
 :
      (MPL)     
2 
      (MPK)     
...
󹻀    
1.    (MP)
            ,    
   
󹳴󹳵󹳶󹳷
:
       50  60     ,  MP =
10 
2.    (MRP)
             :
 MR =  
    10   
 ,      ,  MRP = 10 ×

3.  
      ,    ( )    
 :
   '   :
󹻀  
2 
   
      ,  
   -   
   ,      
  (  
)
󹻀  
1.       
2.    (    , )
3.    
4.    
5.     
6.      
󹻀   
󷃆󼽢  
1.   
       ,    
   
2.    '
     
   ,   


 
3.   
      ,      
2 
󽅂  
1.  
o       

o     
 (  -     )
2.  
o            
  
3.     
o    '  
  ,   
 '   
4.      
o             ,
     
5.      

o      
        
  
 
6.  
o          
󹻀   
            
  :
   
,      
    ,     -    
   
2 
󹻀
  ,   -       
                ,
,        
   ,         , 
     -     
 ,              
           ,  -
       
8. (a) '          '
: "        " -    
 , 
 ""   ,      
       , " "     
 -   - 
       (  , ,  ) 
                
     
 :   
󹻂 :
               , 
            
 , 
   
󹻂  :
         
 -     
               
,    
2 
󹳴󹳵󹳶󹳷  =   -  
     :
) 
󷵻󷵼󷵽󷵾   
     -         
,   
  
 -   
                :
1.      '     
2.     '     
      :
  
  
 ( 
               
  ,    
   
1.      

      ,       ( , , )
    
   :
              
(  )   ,        -  
       ,   
2.   '   
 =  
           
 , :
  
2 
  
  
  ,    
,     

3.     
              -  ,
 ,  ,    
    
    :
    
  - 
  ( ) 
         |
󷃆󼽢     :
  
           = 
󷃆󼽢 :
       '    , 
 
         

2 
󷃆󼽢  :
         
     ,
  , 
:
        
      - 
               
   ,              
       
 ,      , 
      '     
     
  "" ,  :    
 -
      , ,       
()             
  ?
: 󹴡󹴵󹴣󹴤 -
 ,              
          . ,   
          - 
       ,        
 
      
󼨐󼨑󼨒   -     ?
  ,      
        :
1. 
2. 
 
  '     ,        -  
          

 
2 
󹸯󹸭󹸮   :   ?




   
 ,    
   
    
     

 

  (    50%
)
      
      
?
 (    
)

(   
)
?


  ,       ,    
              
(   
         ),    
 
       
      , 
   
      
󷩃󷩄󷩅󷩆󷩇󷩈 - :
  
            
         
  
:
    
     
     

   
     
      ,  
 
 ,     
   
󹳣󹳤󹳥  :
      :
2 
󼪺󼪻     :
1.     
 -        '
   
,      
2.    
       -  , , 
 
3.     -         ( ,
      ),     
4.       - ,    
󽅂    ' :
     ,         :
1.         :
o     
      
:   
2.       :
o   (    ),  ,   
     
3.  :
o          ""
     
2 
4.  
   :
o           
   
 
5.       :
o           
 ,
   
       

󼨐󼨑󼨒 :
          -      
                
    -       
    
     ,    '    
       
 
"               

     ,         ”